Coffee

Suggested

2 studies · 1 recommendation

Last updated: February 19, 2026

Suggested2 studies

Regular coffee consumption linked to lower breast cancer risk in women

Two case-control studies totaling 1,539 women (672 breast cancer cases and 867 controls) consistently found coffee intake associated with reduced breast cancer risk. A Maltese study of 603 women reported coffee consumption as a significant predictor of lower breast cancer odds (OR = 0.901, p < 0.05), after controlling for over 50 dietary, environmental, lifestyle, and physiological variables. A Japanese study of 936 women similarly identified coffee intake as significantly associated with decreased breast cancer risk (p < 0.05) in multivariate analysis adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, exercise, and reproductive factors. Both studies used logistic regression with comprehensive covariate adjustment, and both independently reached concordant findings across distinct ethnic populations, strengthening the consistency of the observed protective association.

Evidence

Environmental and lifestyle risk factors of breast cancer in Malta-a retrospective case-control study

Authors: A Cabanes, C Duffy, C Fenga, C Hsieh, C Pizot, CB Blackadar, CC Ekenga, Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, D Aune, E Giovannucci, F Chik, GD Coronado, GD Stephenson, GR Howe, HN Banerjee, I Mattisson, J Jovanovic, J Ligibel, J Rivero, J Tyrer, K-S Chia, KW Singletary, LC Brody, LM Randall, LS Engel, M Debald, M Harvie, M Lajous, MA Dawson, MF Bakker, N Brown, N Hamajima, O Golubnitschaja, PW Harvey, RSC Guindalini, S Byler, S Sieri, S-H Wu, SM Mense, T Trinh, X Wu, X Yu

Published: September 1, 2016

A retrospective case-control study with 200 breast cancer cases and 403 controls in Malta used binary logistic regression to evaluate over 50 risk and protective factors. Coffee consumption was identified as a statistically significant predictor associated with lower odds of breast cancer (OR = 0.901, p < 0.05). The analysis controlled for dietary intake, environment, lifestyle, physiological factors, and medical history. All subjects were women without a known family history of breast cancer, with controls age-matched to cases in decade categories at a 2:1 ratio.

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Effects of lifestyle and single nucleotide polymorphisms on breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Japanese women

Authors: Doihara, Hiroyoshi, Ishibe, Youichi, Ishihara, Setsuko, Iwamoto, Takayuki, Kawai, Hiroshi, Kawasaki, Kensuke, Komoike, Yoshifumi, Matsuoka, Junji, Miyoshi, Shinichiro, Mizoo, Taeko, Motoki, Takayuki, Nishiyama, Keiko, Nogami, Tomohiro, Ogasawara, Yutaka, Shien, Tadahiko, Taira, Naruto

Published: December 1, 2013

A case-control study of 936 Japanese women (472 cases, 464 controls) conducted from December 2010 to November 2011 identified coffee intake as significantly associated with decreased breast cancer risk in multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). Lifestyle factors including dietary habits were assessed through self-administered questionnaires and adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, exercise, and reproductive factors.

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